Idiopathic (primary) hyperhidrosis is defined as an excessive sweating with no clear cause and usually results in social, psychological, and professional disturbances.In this study, tap water and NORMAL SALINE iontophoresis were used in a 21-year-old female suffering from severe idiopathic palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. The result of 8 sessions iontophoresis showed that tap water and NORMAL SALINE iontophoresis are effective in treatment of idiopathic hyperhidrosis. However, in contrast with other studies, NORMAL SALINE iontophoresis was twice more effective than tap water iontophores. Quality of life of the patient was improved.

Background and Aim: Electrolyte disorders in hospitalized children have several causes. One of the most important and common causes is using inappropriate maintenance intravenous fluids. This study aimed to investigate the effect and type of maintenance of intravenous fluids on the incidence of electrolyte disturbance in hospitalized children. Methods: This research is a prospective cohort study. Non-surgical hospitalized children were divided into two groups based on the type of intravenous fluid received (NORMAL SALINE [0. 9% NaCl] or half SALINE [0. 45% NaCl]). After matching two groups in terms of age and gender, the incidence of electrolyte disturbances (sodium and potassium) was evaluated in the two groups on the second and third days of the study. Results: A total of 163 patients were included in this study. About 55. 5% of the children were boys, and 44. 5% were girls. The Mean±, SD age of the children was 48. 42±, 36. 35 months, and their mean weight was 19. 49±, 10. 88 kg. Also, 50. 6% of patients were in the half SALINE group and 49. 4% in the NORMAL SALINE group. Initially, serum sodium and potassium levels were NORMAL in both groups. On the second and third days of the study, the incidence of serum sodium and potassium disorders was higher in patients who received half SALINE fluid, but this higher incidence was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference between NORMAL SALINE and half SALINE in terms of electrolyte disturbance if the patient’, s clinical condition is judged correctly and an appropriate volume of fluids is prescribed.

Background: Traditionally NORMAL SALINE is the most common crystalloid solution that is used in transplant surgery. NORMAL SALINE (NS) because of the higher risk of acidosis and higher levels of serum chloride may have more deleterious effects in kidney transplant recipients Thus; the aim of this study was to determine the safety of ringer lactate NORMAL SALINE combination if used during a renal transplant. Methods: One Hundred adults undergoing kidney transplantations were enrolled in a double-blinded randomized prospective clinical trial. They were divided into two groups in order to receive RL& NS and NS infusion as intraoperative IV fluid replacement therapy. All patients received 40 ml/kg fluid during surgery. Serum chloride, sodium, Cr and BUN were checked before operation and 6hour after surgery. Urine output BUN and Cr was also checked in 1, 3 and 7 day after surgery. At the end of surgery, we corrected the acid base status with bicarbonate according to base excess<-15 or PH<7. 15 if needed in both groups. Results: There was a significant difference in the serum chloride level (p= 0. 001) and urine output (p= 0. 003) between the two groups at the 6 hours after transplantations. Postoperative BUN and Cr level at 2, 3 and 7 days in RL&NS group was significantly lower than group of NS (P= 0. 011). Also, urine output during this study time was significantly higher in RL&NS group (p=0. 001). Conclusion: Combination of Ringer lactate &NORMAL SALINE crystalloid solutions are associated with higher urinary output and most favorited out come in the early post-operative days after renal transplantation surgeries.

Introduction: Sinusitis is one of the most common diseases in general and in otolaryngology practice, but the optimal therapeutic options have not yet been fully developed. This manuscript will try to compare NORMAL SALINE nasal douching with hypertonic SALINE in reducing symptoms and improving its signs.Materials and Methods: One hundred and fourteen patients suffering from non acute rhinosinusitis, documented by history, physical examination and radiologic studies were divided into NORMAL SALINE and hypertonic SALINE groups, each consisting of 57 patients. data were obtained by physical examination and a questionnaire..Results: Type of treatment had no significant effect on headache, morning dryness of mouth and pharynx and fatigue. Nontheless, nasal congestion, purulent discharge and postnasal discharge were reported to have improved in the group treated with hypertonic SALINE versus the NORMAL SALINE group. Patient satisfaction also showed better scores in the hypertonic SALINE group.Conclusion: Hypertonic SALINE (3%) is more effective for nasal irrigation than NORMAL SALINE in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: We aimed to compare the effect of albumin 5% in half NORMAL SALINE (half NS) versus NORMAL SALINE (NS) infusion on the plasma viscosity in the near-NORMAL physiological condition. According to the high oncotic pressure of albumin along with prolonged half-life of its molecules in comparison to NS in the intra-vascular compartment, it has been proposed that a more significant reduction of the plasma viscosity might be expected after the infusion of albumin.Methods: A total of 56 patients referring to the general operating room for their elective minor surgeries were evenly divided into two groups (V1, V2). It was calculated that 28 patients were needed to be enroll in each study group to detect a difference as big as 0.15 millipoise (mPa.s) with a statistical power of 80%. The V1 group received 1000 ml of NS but the V2 group received 1000 ml of recombinant albumin 5% in half NS within one hour, as fluid replacement therapy, during the intra-operative period. We have designed a simple measurement system according to Poiseuille’s formula by which the viscosity value could be measured reliably since the system was calibrated frequently using distilled water as a reference.Results: The mean value of the pre-operative plasma viscosity of the patients was 1. 73±0.25 mPa.s and 1.76±0.21 mPa.s in V1 and V2 groups respectively. After the infusion of the fluids, the mean viscosity values decreased to 1. 68±0.30 mPa.s and 1.66±0.17mPa.s in V1 and V2 groups respectively (p=0.37).conclusion: The plasma viscosity reduction in patients of V2 group was not significantly different from that of V1 group.

Background We aimed to compare the efficacy of nebulized hypertonic (3%, 5% and 7%) SALINE with NORMAL SALINE in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis. Materials and Methods In this triple-blinded randomized clinical trial, 120 children with moderate to severe bronchiolitis randomly assigned into four groups to receive nebulized NORMAL SALINE (group A), SALINE 3% (group B), SALINE 5% (group C), and SALINE 7% (group D). The length of hospital stay (LOS) as primary outcome and the use of oxygen, temperature, oxygen saturation (SPO2), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), and bronchiolitis severity score were measured in the beginning of the study and during hospitalization. Results The mean age of patients was 5 + 0. 423 months and 79 of them (65%) were male. The length of hospital stay (LOS), and use of oxygen supplementation was not different between group A and B (P=0. 36), but significantly lower than group C and D (P<0. 001). Vital signs, improvement in severity score and oxygen saturation were similar between groups. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that nebulization with 3% hypertonic SALINE and 0. 9% SALINE can significantly reduce hospitalization rate compared nebulization with 5% and 7% hypertonic SALINE.

Background Bronchiolitis is the commonest cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infant. Respiratory syncytial virus is the commonest cause of bronchiolitis. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of nebulized 3% hypertonic SALINE and salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in comparison with nebulized 0. 9% SALINE and salbutamol. Materials and Methods A prospective case second multicenter study was done at two pediatric tertiary centers at the period from 1st of December 2014 to 31 of March 2015. A total of 100 previously well infant and children of age 1-24 months with clinical diagnoses of bronchiolitis who were admitted to the hospital were included. They were divided into two groups, the study group received 4 ml of nebulized hypertonic 3% SALINE (for 14 days), and second group received 4 ml of nebulized NORMAL 0. 9% SALINE (for 14 days), each co-administer with 0. 5 ml salbutamol. Results All patients with acute bronchiolitis having similar baseline characteristic, mean age 4. 9 + Standard deviation (SD) months, male gender constitutes 68% of the patients and the majority (67%) of the cases were below 6 months. The mean of clinical severity score at admission was 6. 4 for NORMAL SALINE (NS) group and 6. 6 for hypertonic 3% SALINE (HS) group. The mean length of hospital stay of NORMAL SALINE group = 4. 3 + Standard deviation (SD) day and for hypertonic SALINE group was = 4. 7 + Standard deviation (SD) day. Conclusion We didn’ t find any advantage of hypertonic 3% SALINE over 0. 9% NORMAL SALINE in terms of length of hospital stay and clinical severity score.

Background: Sufficient intravascular volume should be established for optimal graft function after renal transplantation. However, there is no recommendation for the type of fluid therapy post-operatively. We compared half-SALINE vs. NORMAL SALINE and 1/3–2/3 intravenous fluid replacement after renal transplantation.Methods: We enrolled all patients who underwent kidney transplantation between June 2008 and March 2010 in Golestan Hospital, Ahwaz, southwestern Iran. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using a blinded allocation technique. Group A patients (Case) received half SALINE, and group B patients (Control) received NORMAL SALINE and 1/3–2/3 intravenous fluid. According to our protocol, we replaced as much as 100% of hourly urine output in the first day, followed by 90% and 70% of every 2-hour urine output in the 2nd and 3rd days, respectively. Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded hourly. Serum sodium, potassium, creatinine and pH were assessed twice a day.Results: There were 34 and 36 eligible patients in the case and control groups, respectively. The mean±SD 6-hour urine output in the first 5 days after surgery was 2586±725 mL in the control group and 2764±758 mL in the case group (p=0.31). The mean±SD serum creatinine level at the end of the 5th post-operative day was 1.3±0.5 and 1.4±0.7 mg/dL in the case and control groups, respectively (p=0.56). Serum creatinine level did not reduce to 1.5 mg/dL or lower in 6 of 36 control subjects and in 4 of 34 cases at the end of the 5th day (p=0.558). The mean±SD time to creatinine level<1.5 mg/dL was 1.3±1 days in the control group and 1.7±0.8 days in the case group (p=0.635). Hyperkalemia occurred in 3 of 36 patients in the control group and in 2 of 34 patients in the case group (p=0.318). The incidence of hyponatremia in the control group was 11% (4 of 36 patients) vs no patients in the case group (p=0.115).Conclusion: Either half-SALINE or NORMAL SALINE and 1/3–2/3 intravenous solution can be safely used as fluid replacement therapy after kidney transplantation.

Background: Pain associated with IV injection of propofol is seen in 28 to 90% of patients. A number of techniques have been tried to minimize propofol-induced pain, with variable results. We compared the efficacy of pretreatment with ephedrine and lidocaine for the prevention of propofol-induced pain.Methods: One hundred and twenty adult patients, ASA physical status I-II, undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned into six groups (20 each). NORMAL SALINE group received NORMAL SALINE, lidocaine group received lidocaine 2% (40 mg), and ephedrine (E 30) group received 30 mg/kg ephedrine, ephedrine (E 70) group received 70 mg/kg ephedrine, ephedrine (E 100) group received 100 mg/kg ephedrine, ephedrine (E 150) group received 150 mg/kg ephedrine. All pretreatment drugs were made in two mL. Pain was assessed by a 100-point scale of visual analogue (VAS) (0= no pain, 100= the most severe pain) and (VRS) verbal rating scale at the time of propofol injection. Noninvasive mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded before induction, just before intubation, and 1, 2, and 3 min after intubation, respectively.Results: The mean of pain scorel during propofol injection was significantly more in NORMAL SALINE group compared to lidocaine and ephedrine (E30, E70, E100, E150) groups but there was no significant difference between lidocaine and ephedrine (E30, E70, E100, E150) groups (80.9vs 59.6 and 56.2, 51.05, 52.8, 57.45) Kruskal- wallis P=0.009. The incidence of pain was also significantly more in NORMAL SALINE group compared to lidocaine group and ephedrine’s groups but there was no significant difference between lidocaine and different dose levels of ephedrine. A small dose of ephedrine (30 and 70 mg/kg) could prevent propofol induced pain before intubation and did not produce significant hemodynamic changes compared with the other groups after intubation. Conclusions: Pretreatment with ephedrine (specially low dose) effectively attenuated pain intensity, and frequency with propofol injection without undesired complications.